Key Module Functions of Humanoid Robots

As highly integrated human-like intelligent systems, humanoid robots rely on key modules that collectively support core capabilities such as motion, perception, decision-making, and interaction.

 

Mechanical Body Structure System
Core Function: Provides the physical carrier for the entire machine and the basis for motion execution.

Key Components
Humanoid skeleton assembly (including neck, waist, hip, knee, ankle joints)
Multi-degree-of-freedom joint modules (mainstream degrees of freedom 20–43)
Lightweight structural materials (e.g., carbon fiber composites, aerospace-grade aluminum alloy)
Dexterous end-effectors (high degrees of freedom, supporting fine operations)
Role: Determines load capacity, range of motion, and environmental adaptability.

 

Drive and Transmission System
Core Function: Converts electrical energy into mechanical energy, enabling precise force control and position locking.

Key Components
High-precision joint servo motors (torque motors, flat motors)
Precision reducers (harmonic, RV, planetary, cycloidal reducers)
Servo drives and electromagnetic brakes
Technology Trend: Integrated solutions (motor + reducer + driver + sensor) to increase power density, reduce weight, and lower noise.

 

Perception and Sensing System
Core Function: Real-time sensing of the robot's own posture and external environment to support autonomous navigation and interaction.

Key Sensors:
Vision: Stereo depth cameras, global exposure cameras
Force: Six-dimensional force sensors, joint torque sensors
Touch: Flexible electronic skin, fingertip tactile arrays
Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), LiDAR, millimeter-wave radar
Role: Enables stable walking, obstacle avoidance, fine manipulation, and human-robot collaboration.

 

Motion Control System
Core Function: Acts as the motion control hub, calculating trajectories in real time and issuing commands.

Key Components:
Main motion controller, joint control units
Real-time industrial Ethernet bus, safety e-stop modules
Performance Indicators: Low latency (<1ms), high robustness, ensuring bipedal balance and dynamic response.